THE STRUCTURE OF RISKY RIDING: A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF A MODIFIED MRBQ TO PREDICT CRASH RISK IN A LOW-INCOME SETTING: THE STRUCTURE OF RISKY RIDING: A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF A MODIFIED MRBQ TO PREDICT CRASH RISK IN A LOW-INCOME SETTING

Audinda Virsa Leinia; Sham Sidhiq

doi:10.32497/bangunrekaprima.v12i1.7474

Authors

Audinda Virsa Leinia Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Sham Sidhiq Universitas Gadjah Mada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32497/bangunrekaprima.v12i1.7474

Keywords:

MRBQ, risky riding behavior, low-income countries

Abstract

Road traffic injuries are a serious global health issue, especially in nations with low and moderate incomes. In 2021, for example, the Asia-Pacific region accounted for approximately 60% of all worldwide traffic fatalities, a figure that highlights the urgency of the problem. In Indonesia, a developing country, motorcycles are the most popular mode of transport, but they are also the deadliest, with riders accounting for over 70% of traffic deaths between 2013 and 2018. This issue is particularly pronounced among young adults (aged 18–25), who are responsible for 51% of all traffic accidents in the country.To address this, a comprehensive study was conducted using a modified Motorcycle Rider Behaviour Questionnaire (MRBQ) engaged to the Indonesian context. The research aimed to identify factors associated with unsafe riding behaviors, which are primarily driven by human factors. Of the 96 riders approached, 92 participated (96% response rate); most were male (61.25%), aged 19–20 years, students (97.80%), and used automatic motorcycles (89.70%), with 72% having less than 10 years of riding experience and 58% reporting a near-crash in the past year. Traffic violations (M = 3.65 ± 0.46) and errors (M = 2.12 ± 0.32) were the most prevalent behaviors and were significantly associated with negative attitudes, social norms, and crash involvement (r = 0.15–0.45, p < 0.01), whereas stunt-related behaviors were rare (M ≈ 1.02) and formed a distinct factor.These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions that focus on psychological factors like negative attitudes and social norms, which were found to be strongly linked to risky riding and crash history. This study demonstrates that the MRBQ exhibits a context-specific four-factor structure (errors, violations, safety gear violations, and stunts) among Indonesian young adult motorcyclists with strong psychometric support, while also highlighting the need for further item refinement and alternative data collection methods to address contextual behaviors.

Author Biographies

Audinda Virsa Leinia, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Sham Sidhiq, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Magister Sistem dan Teknik Transportasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada

References

Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Carpentier, A., Brijs, K., Declercq, K., Brijs, T., Daniels, S., & Wets, G. (2014). The effece of family climareon risky driving of young novices: The moderating role of attitude and locus of control. Accident Analysis and Prevention 73, 53-64.

Constantinou, E., Panayiotou, G., Konstantinou, N., Loutsiou-Ladd, A., & Kapardis, A. (2011). Risky and aggressive driving in young adults: Personality matters. Accid Anal Prev, 43(4), 1323-1331. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.002.

Elander, J., West, R., & French, D. (1993). Behavioral correlates of individual differences in road-traffic crash risk: An examination of methods and findings. The American Psychological.

Elliott, M., Baughan, C., & Sexton, B. (2007). Errors and violations in relation to motorcyclists' crash risk. Accident analysis and prevention, 491-499.

Ge, Y., Qu, W., Jiang, C., Du, F., Sun, X., & Zhang, K. (2014). The effect of stress and personality on dangerous driving behavior among Chinese drivers. Accid Anal Prev, 73, 34-40. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.024.

Indonesian National Traffic Police. (2019). Integrated Road Safety Management System. Retrieved from https://doi.og/korlantas.info

Indonesian National Traffic Police (2024). Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di Indonesia Didominasi Oleh Kendaraan Roda dua—KORLANTAS POLRI. Retrieved from https://korlantas.polri.go.id/kecelakaan-lalulintas-di-indonesia-didominasi-oleh-kendaraan-roda-dua/

Leksmono, P., & Anjaya, I. (2014). Initial Development of Indonesian Motorcycle Rider Behaviour. The 17th FSTPT International Symposium, Jember University.

Mallia, L., Lazuras, L., Violani, C., & Lucidi, F. (2015). Crash risk and aberrant driving behaviors among bus drivers: the role of personality and attitudes towards traffic safety. Accid Anal Prev, 79, 145-151. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.034.

Musselwhite, C., Avineri, E., Susilo, Y., & Bhattachary, D. (2012). Public attitudes towards motorcyclists’ safety: A qualitative study from the United Kingdom. Accident Analysis and Prevention 49, 105-113.

Newman, S., Mamo, W. G., & Tulu, G. S. (2014). Exploring differences in driving behaviour across age and years of education of taxi drivers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Safety Science, 68, 1-5. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2014.02.012.

Ozkan, T., Lajunen, T., Dogruyol, B., Yildirim, Z., & Coymak, A. (2012). Motorcycle accidents, rider behaviour: and psychological models. Accid. Anal. Prevent, 49,124–132.

Parker, D., Lajunen, T. Stradling, S. (1998). Attitudinal predictors of interpersonally aggressive violations on the road. Transportation Research Part F 1, 11-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8478 (98)00002-3

Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J., & Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction? Ergonomics, 33 (10-11), 1315-1332. Doi:10.1080/00140139008925335

Riskiansah, A., & Zain, I. (2016). ANALISIS POLA TINGKAH LAKU PENGENDARA SEPEDA MOTOR DI KOTA SURABAYA DENGAN DRIVER BEHAVIOUR QUESTIONNAIRE (DBQ). Surabaya: Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Sakashita, C., Senserrick, T., Lo, S., Boufous, S., & Rome, L. (2014). The Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire: Pshychometric properties and application amongst novice riders in Australia. Transportation Research part F, 126-139.

Scherest, L. (1972). Problems of Translation in Cross Cultural Research journal of cross cultural psychology, 3(1), 41-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002202217200300103

Sexton, B., Baughan, C., Elliot, M., & Maycock, G. (2004). The Accident Risk of Motorcyclists. Crowthorne: Vol. 607. TRL.

Stephens, A., Brown, J., Baldock, M., Fernandes, R., & Fitzharris, M. (2017). The relationship between motorcycle rider behavior questionnaire scores and crashes for riders in Australia. Accident analysis and prevention.

Watson, B., Tunnicliff, D., White, K., Schonfeld, C., & Wishart, D. (2007). Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour. Queensland: CARRS-Q, Queensland University of Technology 2006.

WHO. (2018). GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/

Wong, J.-T., Chung, Y., & Huang, S.-H. (2010). Determinants behind young motorcyclists' risky riding behavior. Accident; analysis and prevention, 42, 275-281.

Wulandari, F. (2015). PEMAHAMAN PELAJAR TENTANG DISIPLIN BERLALU LINTAS (STUDI DI SMK KESEHATAN SAMARINDA). Samarinda